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The Academy's Evolution Site Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry. 에볼루션사이트 provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It has important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD. Tree of Life The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many religions and cultures as symbolizing unity and love. It also has practical applications, like providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in the environment. The first attempts at depicting the biological world focused on categorizing organisms into distinct categories which were identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. 에볼루션사이트 , based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms, or sequences of short fragments of their DNA, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in a tree of life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4. By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation, genetic techniques have enabled us to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. We can construct trees by using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene. Despite the rapid growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including many bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and whose diversity is poorly understood6. The expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if specific habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective medicines to combating disease to improving crop yields. The information is also beneficial for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with significant metabolic functions that could be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While conservation funds are important, the most effective method to preserve the world's biodiversity is to equip the people of developing nations with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation. Phylogeny A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, illustrates the connections between groups of organisms. Using molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolution of taxonomic groups. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution. A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. 에볼루션 무료 바카라 shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits could appear like they are however they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping known as a Clade. All members of a clade have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to each other. For a more detailed and precise phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to estimate the age of evolution of organisms and identify how many species have a common ancestor. Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a number of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes due to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more resembling to one species than another which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be solved through the use of methods such as cladistics which combine similar and homologous traits into the tree. Furthermore, phylogenetics may aid in predicting the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists decide which species to protect from extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced. Evolutionary Theory The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have developed theories of evolution, such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that a living thing would develop according to its own requirements and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or absence of certain traits can result in changes that are passed on to the next generation. In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from different areas, including natural selection, genetics & particulate inheritance, were brought together to form a contemporary theorizing of evolution. This defines how evolution is triggered by the variations in genes within the population and how these variations change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which incorporates genetic drift, mutations, gene flow and sexual selection is mathematically described mathematically. Recent advances in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed how variation can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with other ones like directional selection and gene erosion (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual). Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can improve students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. In a recent study by Grunspan et al. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education. Evolution in Action Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through studying fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that happened in the past; it's an ongoing process taking place right now. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and elude new medications and animals change their behavior to a changing planet. The results are often apparent. It wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be observed in action as well. The key is that various characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be passed down from one generation to the next. In the past, when one particular allele – the genetic sequence that defines color in a group of interbreeding species, it could rapidly become more common than other alleles. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths within the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics—including morphology and behavior—that vary among populations of organisms. The ability to observe evolutionary change is easier when a species has a rapid generation turnover like bacteria. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each population are taken on a regular basis and over 500.000 generations have passed. Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate of change and the efficiency of a population's reproduction. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that is difficult for some to accept. Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in areas in which insecticides are utilized. Pesticides create a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes. The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater awareness of its significance especially in a planet that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss that hinders many species from adapting. Understanding evolution will assist you in making better choices about the future of our planet and its inhabitants.